Which option best describes the core pattern of oppositional defiant disorder?

• A. A persistent pattern of social withdrawal and poor peer relationships.
• B. A brief episode of irritability lasting a few days.
• C. A frequent and persistent pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, and vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months.
• D. Pervasive anxiety about school performance.

Answer: (C)

Oppositional defiant disorder is defined by a persistent pattern of oppositional behavior rather than isolated incidents. The hallmark features are an angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, and vindictiveness, and these symptoms must endure for at least six months. This pattern typically shows up across different settings and leads to impairment in functioning at home, school, or with peers.

The other descriptions describe different problems: social withdrawal and poor peer relationships point more toward other issues like social anxiety or withdrawal problems; a brief irritability episode is not long enough to meet the six-month duration; and pervasive anxiety about school performance fits an anxiety disorder rather than a disruptive, oppositional pattern.