Which of the following is an example of a neurodevelopmental disorder?

• A. Autism spectrum disorder
• B. Major depressive disorder
• C. Generalized anxiety disorder
• D. Substance use disorder

Answer: (D)

Neurodevelopmental disorders are conditions that begin during the developmental period, typically in childhood, and reflect atypical brain development that affects communication, behavior, and learning. Autism spectrum disorder exemplifies this pattern because it starts early in life and involves persistent difficulties with social communication and interaction, along with restricted and repetitive behaviors. The other options describe mood, anxiety, or substance-related disorders, which generally emerge later and are not defined by early developmental brain differences. So autism spectrum disorder is the example that best fits the neurodevelopmental category.